Zdroje ENDS Amsterdam:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n
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Jsou p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b vapingu \u0161kodliv\u00e9?<\/b><\/p>\n
Ne. Podle <\/span>Zpr\u00e1va EU SCHEER<\/span><\/a>\u201cDosud neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u00fadaje o tom, \u017ee by specifick\u00e1 aromata pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v EU p\u0159edstavovala zdravotn\u00ed rizika pro u\u017eivatele elektronick\u00fdch cigaret po opakovan\u00e9m u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b jen pro teenagery?<\/b><\/p>\n A\u010dkoli je u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji hl\u00e1\u0161eno u mlad\u0161\u00edch v\u011bkov\u00fdch skupin, p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b nejsou ur\u010deny pouze pro mlad\u00e9 u\u017eivatele a rozhodn\u011b nejsou zam\u011b\u0159eny na nezletil\u00e9 osoby.<\/span><\/p>\n R\u016fzn\u00e9 studie ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b jsou<\/span> b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 mezi pravideln\u00fdmi vapery v\u0161ech v\u011bkov\u00fdch skupin<\/span><\/a>. Ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a Kanad\u011b se odhaduje, \u017ee p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b<\/span> dv\u011b t\u0159etiny dosp\u011bl\u00fdch vaper\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b<\/span><\/a>. V Evrop\u011b nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/span> Eurobarometr o postoj\u00edch Evropan\u016f k tab\u00e1ku a elektronick\u00fdm cigaret\u00e1m<\/span><\/a> ukazuje, \u017ee mezi t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed vapuj\u00ed alespo\u0148 jednou m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovina (48%) pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ovocn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b a 20% pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sladk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b. Dal\u0161\u00ed ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie <\/span>studie<\/span><\/a> zjistili, \u017ee \u201cpouze 2.1% uvedlo tab\u00e1k jako nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvanou\u201d p\u0159\u00edchu\u0165.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Nav\u00edc,<\/span> rozd\u00edly v pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed mezi v\u011bkov\u00fdmi skupinami jsou mal\u00e9<\/span><\/a>. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech \u010dinil pod\u00edl t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali ochucen\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 cigarety, 89,61 TP4T u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch ve v\u011bku 18\u201324 let, 86,71 TP4T u osob ve v\u011bku 25\u201334 let, 76,01 TP4T u osob ve v\u011bku 35\u201344 let a 60,41 TP4T u osob ve v\u011bku 45 let a star\u0161\u00edch, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 drtiv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina u\u017eivatel\u016f ve v\u0161ech v\u011bkov\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n A<\/span> studie<\/span><\/a> zjistili, \u017ee \u201cve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s vapov\u00e1n\u00edm tab\u00e1kov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed nebylo vapov\u00e1n\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch cigaret bez tab\u00e1kov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b spojeno se zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm po\u010dtem za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edch kou\u0159it u ml\u00e1de\u017ee\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Jakou roli hraj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b p\u0159i odvyk\u00e1n\u00ed kou\u0159en\u00ed?<\/b><\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edchut\u011b nejen zvy\u0161uj\u00ed atraktivitu pro dosp\u011bl\u00e9, ale jsou tak\u00e9 nezbytn\u00e9 pro ku\u0159\u00e1ky, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159estat kou\u0159it. Podle Dr. <\/span>Collin Mendelsohn<\/span><\/a>, T\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b nep\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed vaper\u016fm chu\u0165 tab\u00e1ku, je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee je odrad\u00ed od tradi\u010dn\u00edch cigaret: \u201cP\u0159\u00edchut\u011b jsou d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed atraktivity vapov\u00e1n\u00ed pro dosp\u011bl\u00e9 ku\u0159\u00e1ky a \u010din\u00ed tyto produkty atraktivn\u00edmi jako alternativa ke kou\u0159en\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako se p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed atraktivity nikotinov\u00e9 \u017ev\u00fdka\u010dky. Z\u00e1kaz p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed by pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b podkopal pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch cigaret a p\u0159\u00ednosy pro ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edchut\u011b pro vaping nejen pom\u00e1haj\u00ed ku\u0159\u00e1k\u016fm s p\u0159echodem na cigaretu, ale tak\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, aby si znovu nekou\u0159ili. Podle Yale School of Public Health jsou ochucen\u00e9 vapingov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje spojov\u00e1ny s\u2026<\/span> 230% zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnosti odvyk\u00e1n\u00ed kou\u0159en\u00ed u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n Friedman, AS a kol. (2020)<\/span><\/a> zjistili, \u017ee \u201cdosp\u011bl\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed vapovali ochucen\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 cigarety, m\u011bli v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159estanou kou\u0159it, ne\u017e ti, kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali neochucen\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 cigarety\u201d a \u201cdosp\u011bl\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed za\u010dali vapovat elektronick\u00e9 cigarety bez tab\u00e1kov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edchuti, m\u011bli v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee p\u0159estanou kou\u0159it, ne\u017e ti, kte\u0159\u00ed vapovali tab\u00e1kov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n Kdy\u017e byla zak\u00e1z\u00e1na, University of Waterloo zjistila, \u017ee<\/span> 5 z 10 vaper\u016f by se obr\u00e1tilo na neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed zdroje pro n\u00e1kup ochucen\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nebo by se vr\u00e1tilo ke kou\u0159en\u00ed cigaret.<\/span><\/a>. Z\u00e1kazy p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed s sebou nesou riziko zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed spot\u0159eby tab\u00e1ku a v\u00fdskytu rakoviny, proto\u017ee omezuj\u00ed odvyk\u00e1n\u00ed kou\u0159en\u00ed a nut\u00ed vapery vr\u00e1tit se ke kou\u0159en\u00ed cigaret. Legislativa t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed vapingu mus\u00ed tuto skute\u010dnost zohlednit a nal\u00e9hav\u011b \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1me z\u00e1konod\u00e1rce, aby se vyhnuli rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9mu zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed takov\u00fdch z\u00e1kaz\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n Jsou p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou vapov\u00e1n\u00ed a epidemie kou\u0159en\u00ed mezi ml\u00e1de\u017e\u00ed?<\/b><\/p>\n Ne. Neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 by spojovaly p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b vapingu s kou\u0159en\u00edm u dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch nebo nezletil\u00fdch, a\u010dkoli mnoho studi\u00ed ukazuje, \u017ee za t\u00edm, \u017ee d\u011bti za\u010dnou vapingovat nebo kou\u0159it cigarety, stoj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed socioekonomick\u00e9 a environment\u00e1ln\u00ed faktory. Faktory jako nap\u0159\u00edklad<\/span> osobnostn\u00ed rysy<\/span><\/a>,<\/span> genetick\u00e1 predispozice<\/span><\/a>, P\u0159i ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed, pro\u010d teenage\u0159i vapuj\u00ed nebo kou\u0159\u00ed, je t\u0159eba zohlednit , ku\u0159\u00e1ck\u00e9 n\u00e1vyky rodi\u010d\u016f a p\u0159\u00edjem dom\u00e1cnosti. <\/span>Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina studi\u00ed zohled\u0148uje pouze n\u011bkolik sd\u00edlen\u00fdch rizikov\u00fdch faktor\u016f. Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed anal\u00fdzu lze nal\u00e9zt <\/span>zde<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n A <\/span>studie<\/span><\/a> Studie proveden\u00e1 v roce 2020 Kevinem Tanem, Jordanem P. Davisem, Douglasem C. Smithem a Wang Yangem zjistila, \u017ee dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed byli obecn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b spokojeni se sv\u00fdm \u017eivotem, s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed vyhled\u00e1vali riskantn\u00ed z\u00e1\u017eitky a m\u011bli vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed sklon k pravideln\u00e9mu u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed neleg\u00e1ln\u00edch l\u00e1tek. Elektronick\u00e9 cigarety proto nejsou branou ke kou\u0159en\u00ed, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0161patn\u00e9 okolnosti v \u017eivotech teenager\u016f vedou k r\u016fzn\u00fdm rizikov\u00fdm chov\u00e1n\u00edm. Stejn\u00e1 studie zjistila, \u017ee vaping z\u0159ejm\u011b odv\u00e1d\u00ed od kou\u0159en\u00ed podskupinu mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed s vysok\u00fdm rizikem kou\u0159en\u00ed cigaret.<\/span><\/p>\n A<\/span> p\u0159ehled patn\u00e1cti studi\u00ed<\/span><\/a> publikovan\u00e1 v roce 2019 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee \u201cskute\u010dn\u00fd vstupn\u00ed efekt u mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed dosud nebyl prok\u00e1z\u00e1n\u201d. Podle v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f z Univerzity Nov\u00e9ho Ji\u017en\u00edho Walesu v Sydney a Univerzity Queenslandu v Herstonu..., <\/span>Nejm\u00e9n\u011b 70\u2013851 TP4T v\u0161ech dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch zkus\u00ed vapovat pot\u00e9, co ji\u017e za\u010dali kou\u0159it<\/span><\/a>, a pravideln\u00e9 vapov\u00e1n\u00ed je mezi teenagery, kte\u0159\u00ed neku\u0159\u00e1ci, velmi vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 (pod 0,5%).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed<\/span> studie<\/span><\/a> zjistili, \u017ee \u201cve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s vapov\u00e1n\u00edm tab\u00e1kov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed nebylo vapov\u00e1n\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch cigaret bez tab\u00e1kov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edchuti spojeno se zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm po\u010dtem za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edch kou\u0159il\u016f u mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed, ale bylo spojeno se zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm pravd\u011bpodobnosti odvyk\u00e1n\u00ed kou\u0159en\u00ed v dosp\u011blosti\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Nav\u00edc existuj\u00ed d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee ml\u00e1de\u017e<\/span> vaping<\/span><\/a> a<\/span> kou\u0159en\u00ed<\/span><\/a> v posledn\u00edch letech prudce klesaly: \u201cu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed cigaret a bezd\u00fdmn\u00e9ho tab\u00e1ku klesalo od roku 2012 rychleji, proto\u017ee se za\u010dalo zvy\u0161ovat u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch cigaret. Kou\u0159en\u00ed a u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bezd\u00fdmn\u00e9ho tab\u00e1ku dos\u00e1hlo historicky n\u00edzk\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00ed mezi dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edmi v USA\u201d. Podobn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy lze nal\u00e9zt v <\/span>N\u011bmecko<\/span><\/a>, zat\u00edmco v <\/span>Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed<\/span><\/a> \u201cM\u00edra kou\u0159en\u00ed mezi ml\u00e1de\u017e\u00ed je na historick\u00e9m minimu a u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch cigaret ml\u00e1de\u017e\u00ed (11\u201318 let) je vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 a z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti se omezuje na ty, kte\u0159\u00ed ji\u017e kou\u0159\u00ed tab\u00e1kov\u00e9 cigarety.\u201d.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n Profesor Polosa<\/span><\/a>, ve studii publikovan\u00e9 v roce 2020 shrnuje vzorec u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vapingu mezi ml\u00e1de\u017e\u00ed takto: \u201cU\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch cigaret v posledn\u00edm desetilet\u00ed prudce vzrostlo mezi studenty st\u0159edn\u00edch \u0161kol a mlad\u00fdmi dosp\u011bl\u00fdmi, ale na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed od sv\u00e9ho vrcholu v roce 2019 v\u00fdrazn\u011b pokleslo. B\u011bhem stejn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed m\u00edra kou\u0159en\u00ed neust\u00e1le klesala na nov\u00e9 rekordn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b. Tyto trendy argumentuj\u00ed proti u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch cigaret jako vstupn\u00ed br\u00e1n\u011b ke kou\u0159en\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch cigaret je neobvykl\u00e1 a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nezvy\u0161uje riziko negativn\u00edch zdravotn\u00edch n\u00e1sledk\u016f. Nav\u00edc k v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed elektronick\u00fdch cigaret doch\u00e1z\u00ed mezi t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve kou\u0159ili.\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Mohou z\u00e1kazy p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed zlep\u0161it ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed?<\/b><\/p>\n Existuj\u00ed siln\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee prohibice nefunguje a \u017ee z\u00e1kaz p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b zas\u00e1hne spot\u0159ebitele, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159estat kou\u0159it, a je v rozporu s c\u00edli jak\u00e9hokoli org\u00e1nu ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Literatura nazna\u010duje, \u017ee z\u00e1kaz p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed pro vaping povede k tomu, \u017ee se u\u017eivatel\u00e9 vr\u00e1t\u00ed na \u010dern\u00fd trh nebo ke kou\u0159en\u00ed, co\u017e bylo potvrzeno i p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi zku\u0161enostmi.<\/span> z\u00e1kaz p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed v San Franciscu<\/span><\/a> vedlo k n\u00e1r\u016fstu m\u00edry kou\u0159en\u00ed mezi teenagery poprv\u00e9 po desetilet\u00edch, zat\u00edmco<\/span> z\u00e1kaz p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed v Massachusetts<\/span><\/a> vedlo k vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu prodeji cigaret.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Bli\u017e\u0161\u00edm a nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem je<\/span> Estonsko<\/span><\/a>. Estonsko zak\u00e1zalo p\u0159\u00edchut\u011b v roce 2020, co\u017e vedlo k tomu, \u017ee 601 000 vaper\u016f je nad\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvalo m\u00edch\u00e1n\u00edm vlastn\u00edch liquid\u016f nebo jejich z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm z \u010dern\u00e9ho trhu bez jak\u00e9koli kontroly kvality nebo bezpe\u010dnosti.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n V d\u016fsledku toho o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1me, \u017ee z\u00e1kaz p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed donut\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu u\u017eivatel\u016f p\u0159esunout se na \u010dern\u00fd trh, kde produkty nespl\u0148uj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy a mohou b\u00fdt \u0161kodliv\u00e9 pro zdrav\u00ed. Ostatn\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 budou nuceni vr\u00e1tit se ke kou\u0159en\u00ed cigaret, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskyt kou\u0159en\u00ed a rakoviny a po\u0161kozuje se ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed. Z\u00e1kaz v\u0161ak v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nesn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed vapov\u00e1n\u00ed u ml\u00e1de\u017ee. Kdyby \u0161lo jen o chu\u0165, nikdo by nikdy neza\u010dal kou\u0159it. Chu\u0165 a v\u016fn\u011b popela, kou\u0159e a smrti v minulosti mlad\u00e9 lidi neodradily \u2013 tak\u017ee ani z\u00e1kaz p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed neodrad\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Z\u00e1kazy by byly pro politiky snadn\u00fdm krokem, ale ne \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm probl\u00e9mu. Jak jsme zm\u00ednili, mlad\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou nespokojeni se sv\u00fdm \u017eivotem, maj\u00ed obecn\u011b tendenci d\u011blat riskantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bci. Postupn\u011b je t\u0159eba zv\u00e1\u017eit faktory, jako je \u00fazkost, ku\u0159\u00e1ck\u00e9 n\u00e1vyky rodi\u010d\u016f, postoje vrstevn\u00edk\u016f, \u0161patn\u00e9 \u0161koly a p\u0159\u00edjem dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme tedy, \u017ee politici a skupiny proti vapingu skute\u010dn\u011b cht\u011bj\u00ed pomoci teenager\u016fm: m\u011bli by bojovat za lep\u0161\u00ed \u0161koly, syst\u00e9my zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de a ekonomick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, aby se jejich rodi\u010de mohli u\u017eivit (nebo p\u0159iznat, \u017ee nejde o mlad\u00e9 lidi, ale jen o v\u00fdmluvu k z\u00e1kazu vapingu pro v\u0161echny).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed zdroje:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Sources ENDS Amsterdam:\u00a0 Are vaping flavours harmful? No. According to the EU’s SCHEER report: \u201cTo date, there is no specific data that specific flavourings used in the EU pose health risks for electronic cigarette users following repeated Exposure.\u201d Are flavours used just for teenagers? Although flavours use is more often reported in younger […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":1042,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4301","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\n\n